How do antagonistic effectors work

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Information Technology. Management Information Systems. Culinary Arts. Art History. Other Fine Arts. Cultural Literacy. Knowledge Rehab. National Capitals. People You Should Know. Sports Trivia. Flashcards in Chapter 1-Intro to physiology Deck Loading flashcards What are neuron and nervous tissue? Neurons and nervous tissue such as motor neurons, cortical interneurons, etc are specialized for sending and receiving information.

What are Muscle tissue and Muscle cells specialized for. Muscle cells and muscle tissue such as cardiac myocytes, skeletal muscle, etc. What are Epithelial cells and epithelial tissue. Epithelial cells and epithelial tissue such as intestinal epithelial cells consists of cells that form membranes, which cover and line the body surfaces, and of glands, which are derived from these membranes, found on organs, glands, and lining body cavities.

The most common gland are endocrine gland and exocrine glands. What are the differences between endocrine glands and exocrine glands? Endocrine glands secrete molecules usually hormones directly into the blood stream. Exocrine glands utilize a duct and secrete molecules into a body cavity, or to the exterior of the body.

Connective tissue cells i. This is maintained, in part, by two antagonistic mechanisms—shivering and sweating. Shivering is induced when the body temperature falls too low, and it gradually subsides as the temperature rises. Term Give an example of how negative feedback loops involving the nervous system help to maintain homeostasis:. Definition Stimulus; response. Term What is the purpose of the scientific method?

Definition To give us reliable, dependable information. Term What is a response loop composed of? Term What is intrinsic control? Definition Control is built into organ being regulated.

Term What is extrinsic control? Definition Control comes from outside of organ being regulated. Term What is local control? Definition When some metabolism of a cell only affects a small number of surrounding cells. Term Which effectors of the baroreceptor reflex are under antagonistic control? Definition SA node. Air conditioning is a technological system that can be described in terms of a feedback loop.

The thermostat senses the temperature, an electronic interface compares the temperature against a set point the temperature that you want it to be. If the temperature matches or is cooler, then nothing happens. If the temperature is too hot, then the electronic interface triggers the air-conditioning unit to turn on.

Once the temperature is lowered sufficiently to reach the set point, the electronic interface shuts the air-conditioning unit off. For this example, identify the steps of the feedback loop.

Cruise control is another technological feedback system. The idea of cruise control is to maintain a constant speed in your car. If the speed is too slow, the interface stimulates the engine; if the speed is too fast, the interface reduces the power to the tires. Remember that homeostasis is the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment. When a stimulus, or change in the environment, is present, feedback loops respond to keep systems functioning near a set point, or ideal level.

Feedback is a situation when the output or response of a loop impacts or influences the input or stimulus. Positive feedback loops are inherently unstable systems. Because a change in an input causes responses that produce continued changes in the same direction, positive feedback loops can lead to runaway conditions.

The term positive feedback is typically used as long as a variable has an ability to amplify itself, even if the components of a loop receptor, control center and effector are not easily identifiable. In most cases, positive feedback is harmful, but there are a few instances where positive feedback, when used in limited fashion, contributes to normal function. For example, during blood clotting, a cascade of enzymatic proteins activates each other, leading to the formation of a fibrin clot that prevents blood loss.

One of the enzymes in the pathway, called thrombin, not only acts on the next protein in the pathway but also has an ability to activate a protein that preceded it in the cascade. This latter step leads to a positive feedback cycle, where an increase in thrombin leads to further increases in thrombin.

But if we just consider the effects of thrombin on itself, it is considered a positive feedback cycle. Although some may consider this a positive feedback loop, such terminology is not universally accepted. Negative feedback loops are inherently stable systems. Negative feedback loops, in conjunction with the various stimuli that can affect a variable, typically produce a condition in which the variable oscillates around the set point.

For example, negative feedback loops involving insulin and glucagon help to keep blood glucose levels within a narrow concentration range. If glucose levels get too high, the body releases insulin into the bloodstream. In a positive feedback mechanism, the output of the system stimulates the system in such a way as to further increase the output. As noted, there are some physiologic processes that are commonly considered to be positive feedback, although they may not all have identifiable components of a feedback loop.

In these cases, the positive feedback loop always ends with counter-signaling that suppresses the original stimulus. A good example of positive feedback involves the amplification of labor contractions. The contractions are initiated as the baby moves into position, stretching the cervix beyond its normal position. The feedback increases the strength and frequency of the contractions until the baby is born.