For how many of these is δs positive

Rewrite each of the following reactions using curves arrows and show all nonbonding electron pair Q: Also.! I think I know this next one already. But i Just wanted to check what you thought? If you agr A: Density is defined as measure of mass per volume.

The average density of an object is equal to its t Q: Which set of reagents will turn acetic acid into 2-bromoacetic acid? A: The given conversion can take place with the help of HVZ Reaction to form a alpha-halo carboxylic ac Q: 23 In the addition reaction pictured below, on what carbon would you expect the -SOs to be added? A: Benzene is electron rich species and it show easily electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

Q: Write the valence bond wavefunction of CH4 based onhybrid orbitals h on the carbon atom. Q: Illustrate an electrolytic cell for electroplating nickel onto a piece of steel? A: Electrolytic cell is defined as the electrochemical cell which makes use of electrical energy and co Q: What is the distinction between temperature and thermal energy is a system? Q: The experimental data in the table was collected during a freezing point depression study where BHT A: When a non-volatile solute is dissolved is dissolved in a volatile solvent, the freezing point of th Q: Write an equation for each of the following reactions.

Use molecular and structural formulas and cla A: Combustion is a chemical reaction. Its a technical word for burning. In this a substance reacts wit Q: Based on the image attached, i explain details on the nitration reaction of methyl salicylate.

A: Nitration : Nitration is the substitution of nitro NO2 group of one of the hydrogen on benzene rin Q: What is the number for each atom present in the empirical formula of a compound that has A: The answer to the following question is-. Q: How do you determine the molecular geometry from the electron domain geometry? Q: Using the Boltzmanns formula calculate the entropy of 1. A: Introduction Gay Lussac's law states that at constant volume, pressure remains directly proportional Q: How are the following aspects of a reaction affected by the addition of a catalyst?

Increased Decrea A: The catalyst is a chemical species that increases the rate of a chemical reaction and it does not co A: Since you have posted a question with multiple sub parts, we will solve first three sub parts for yo Which process is used to separate the compounds in crude oil O Distillation O Fractional distilla A: Distillation is a process of heating a liquid to covert it into vapors and then condensing the vapor What is the volume if 1.

A: We will use gas law V1,n1,n2 is given. Q: 24 What is the correct order of reagents to achieve the following synthesis? Br2, FeBr3; ii. Similar to other thermodynamic properties, this new quantity is a state function, and so its change depends only upon the initial and final states of a system.

In , Clausius named this property entropy S and defined its change for any process as the following:. The entropy change for a real, irreversible process is then equal to that for the theoretical reversible process that involves the same initial and final states. Following the work of Carnot and Clausius, Ludwig Boltzmann developed a molecular-scale statistical model that related the entropy of a system to the number of microstates possible for the system.

A microstate W is a specific configuration of the locations and energies of the atoms or molecules that comprise a system like the following:. Here k is the Boltzmann constant and has a value of 1. As for other state functions, the change in entropy for a process is the difference between its final S f and initial S i values:. This molecular-scale interpretation of entropy provides a link to the probability that a process will occur as illustrated in the next paragraphs.

Consider the general case of a system comprised of N particles distributed among n boxes. The number of microstates possible for such a system is n N. Microstates with equivalent particle arrangements not considering individual particle identities are grouped together and are called distributions. The probability that a system will exist with its components in a given distribution is proportional to the number of microstates within the distribution.

Since entropy increases logarithmically with the number of microstates, the most probable distribution is therefore the one of greatest entropy. For this system, the most probable configuration is one of the six microstates associated with distribution c where the particles are evenly distributed between the boxes, that is, a configuration of two particles in each box. As you add more particles to the system, the number of possible microstates increases exponentially 2 N.

Regardless of the number of particles in the system, however, the distributions in which roughly equal numbers of particles are found in each box are always the most probable configurations. The previous description of an ideal gas expanding into a vacuum Chapter For this system, the most probable distribution is confirmed to be the one in which the matter is most uniformly dispersed or distributed between the two flasks.

The spontaneous process whereby the gas contained initially in one flask expands to fill both flasks equally therefore yields an increase in entropy for the system. A similar approach may be used to describe the spontaneous flow of heat.

The hot object is comprised of particles A and B and initially contains both energy units. The cold object is comprised of particles C and D , which initially has no energy units. Distribution a shows the three microstates possible for the initial state of the system, with both units of energy contained within the hot object. If one of the two energy units is transferred, the result is distribution b consisting of four microstates.

If both energy units are transferred, the result is distribution c consisting of three microstates. And so, we may describe this system by a total of ten microstates. As for the previous example of matter dispersal, extrapolating this treatment to macroscopic collections of particles dramatically increases the probability of the uniform distribution relative to the other distributions.

And, again, this spontaneous process is also characterized by an increase in system entropy. What is the change in entropy for a process that converts the system from distribution a to c? The sign of this result is consistent with expectation; since there are more microstates possible for the final state than for the initial state, the change in entropy should be positive.

A summary of these three relations is provided in Table 1. For many realistic applications, the surroundings are vast in comparison to the system. In such cases, the heat gained or lost by the surroundings as a result of some process represents a very small, nearly infinitesimal, fraction of its total thermal energy. As a result, q surr is a good approximation of q rev , and the second law may be stated as the following:. We may use this equation to predict the spontaneity of a process as illustrated in Example 1.

We can assess the spontaneity of the process by calculating the entropy change of the universe. Using this information, determine if liquid water will spontaneously freeze at the same temperatures. What can you say about the values of S univ? The previous section described the various contributions of matter and energy dispersal that contribute to the entropy of a system.

With these contributions in mind, consider the entropy of a pure, perfectly crystalline solid possessing no kinetic energy that is, at a temperature of absolute zero, 0 K. According to the Boltzmann equation, the entropy of this system is zero.

Table 2 lists some standard entropies at You can find additional standard entropies in Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances.